As a replacement for phased‐out perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer carboxylic acid (HFPO‐TA) exhibits environmental persistence and multisystem toxicity, affecting reproductive, hepatic, neurological and endocrine functions. Despite its industrial adoption, emerging studies reveal bioaccumulation risks and mechanistic toxicity through oxidative stress, metabolic disruption and inflammation. This review synthesizes evidence of HFPO‐TA's health impacts, highlighting unresolved female reproductive toxicity and dose–response relationships.
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Yang et al. (2025) studied this question.
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