Implantable Nongenetic Optoelectronic Biointerfaces for Neuromodulation

Electroceuticals are a novel type of therapeutics that employ electrical stimulation to modulate neural circuits and recover impaired physiological functions. Traditional systems using implanted leads as electrode and/or connecting wires pose several clinical challenges, including infection risk, anatomical incompatibilities, and leads dislodgement. Recent progress in optoelectronic biointerfaces is establishing new paradigms for electroceutical intervention by enabling precise, minimally invasive, and nongenetic neuromodulation through light‐driven wireless technologies. In this review, first, the modulation mechanism of representative organic and inorganic semiconductor‐based optoelectronic biointerfaces is demonstrated, which can be designed into flexible and tissue‐conforming architectures. Then, further their capabilities to modulate structures at various levels, including neurons, nerve tissues, and the cerebral cortex are emphasized. Beyond neuromodulation, their promising therapeutic value and translational potential are highlighted, encompassing vision restoration, nerve regeneration, and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Together, these advancements mark a transformative shift toward next‐generation bioelectronic medicine.