Citizenship and its challenges after the change of the political system in Iraq in 2003

After changing the political system in 2003 and being subjected to the American occupation, Iraq witnessed major changes that affected the structure of Iraqi society, especially the concept of citizenship, which was paralyzed, especially in the field of government policies. Due to the atmosphere charged with tension and loss of hope, many voices began to rise about the necessity of developing the spirit of citizenship and calling for making the country's interest above all considerations. However, in return, this faced a large number of challenges and obstacles that hindered the process of achieving democracy, which was an obstacle to building the Iraqi national identity. The lack of citizenship cast a shadow over political and social stability in the country. Therefore, any society must maintain the feeling and sense of belonging among the individual in this society. The more political components, constitutional legislation and laws are available that reject differences and discrimination between citizens on sectarian and national grounds, the more loyalty to the homeland increases and citizenship grows among all components of society. This trend is considered one of the most important pillars of democracy.