Jewish communities in the USSR (1960s-1980s): typology of religious institutions adaptation

The article examines the structure of Jewish religious communities in the USSR during the 1960s–1980s, focusing on their institutional adaptation to state control. Challenging the deinstitutionalization approach to Soviet religiosity proposed by G. Freeze, the author argues that Jewish communities maintained a significant role in preserving religious life despite restrictions. Using statistical data and archival documents from the Council for Religious Affairs, the study develops a typology of synagogues, identifying four main types: (1) “notable synagogues” (large communities in capital cities serving as showcases for international audiences), (2) “synagogues of compact Jewish settlements” (traditional communities in areas of dense Jewish population), (3) “small synagogues” (provincial communities with limited resources), and (4) “unregistered communities.” The methodological framework draws on P. DiMaggio and W. Powell’s theory of institutional isomorphism, explaining how communities developed similar adaptation strategies within a unified organizational field. The analysis highlights interactions between communities and state authorities, including reporting mechanisms, financial oversight, and communications with foreign visitors. The findings challenge the notion of Judaism’s complete deinstitutionalization in the USSR, revealing its resilience through organizational flexibility. The study contributes to broader debates about religion under authoritarian regimes by demonstrating how decentralized structures could navigate systemic constraints while preserving core practices.