Bridging Biomechanics and Digital Orthodontics: The Role of Finite Element Analysis

Background: Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a powerful computational tool that has transformed the understanding of biomechanics in orthodontics. Originating in aerospace and mechanical engineering, its application in dentistry—particularly orthodontics—has enabled the simulation of stress, strain, and displacement in complex biological structures under orthodontic forces. Objective: This narrative review explores the evolution, principles, and extensive applications of FEA in orthodontics, emphasizing its utility in predicting tooth movement, appliance performance, and tissue response. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on foundational theories, modelling protocols, software development, and key clinical studies utilizing FEA to simulate orthodontic biomechanics. Historical advancements, modelling techniques, and validation methods were analysed in detail. Results: FEA facilitates accurate visualization of internal stress distributions in dental and periodontal structures, aiding in treatment planning, appliance design, and risk assessment for root resorption or bone loss. Studies using FEA have demonstrated the significance of factors such as force magnitude, direction, anchorage systems, and individual anatomical variability in achieving controlled and predictable tooth movement. Conclusion: Despite limitations in replicating biological complexity, FEA remains an indispensable research and diagnostic tool in orthodontics. As computational capabilities advance and patient-specific modeling becomes feasible, FEA holds promise for personalized, evidence-based treatment planning that bridges theoretical mechanics and clinical application.