Respiratory Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review of Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, persists as a major global health threat despite extensive control efforts. Respiratory tuberculosis represents the most common and infectious manifestation of this disease, accounting for the majority of transmission events worldwide. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on respiratory TB, with particular emphasis on recent diagnostic advancements, evolving treatment paradigms, and innovative prevention strategies. We examine the complex host-pathogen interactions that underlie disease pathogenesis and explore how new technologies—including molecular diagnostics, next-generation sequencing, and artificial intelligence—are transforming TB management. The review also addresses persistent challenges such as drug resistance, co-morbidities, and healthcare system barriers that continue to hinder elimination efforts. By integrating epidemiological insights with clinical perspectives, this article aims to provide a current overview of the state of respiratory TB control and identify promising directions for future research and public health intervention.