Metabolomic biomarkers associated with trismus and dysphagia, radiation therapy, tumour stage and location in patients with head and neck cancer

Trismus, difficulty opening the jaw, and dysphagia, difficulty swallowing, are complications in head and neck cancer (HNC). Metabolic imbalances, including alterations in amino acids, lipids, and inflammatory markers, potentially influence these conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate associations of metabolic and inflammatory metabolites in HNC patients, focusing on trismus and dysphagia. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and Bruker IVDr Lipoprotein Subclass analysis was used to analyse metabolites in plasma from 302 patients before, during and after treatment for HNC. Sixteen lipoprotein subclasses (LDL 1-6, HDL 1-4 VLDL 1-6) as well as creatinine, creatine, glutamine, alanine, glycine, GlycA, GlycB, and a combined lipoprotein-derived NMR signal named Supramolecular Phospholipid Composite (SPC), were analysed. An increase in several lipoprotein sub fractions and elevated inflammatory biomarkers (GlycA and GlycB) were associated with Maximal Interincisal Opening (MIO) before treatment. The M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) before treatment was associated with elevated GlycA and GlycB. The results also showed significant correlations between metabolites and BMI, sex, age, radiation therapy as well as tumour stage and location. Metabolic and inflammatory markers highlight the metabolic heterogeneity in HNC and provide potential targets for future therapeutic strategies.