Unveiling the Multi-Target Potential of Capparis spinosa Through Network Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Therapeutic Intervention in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an illness that affects cognitive function because of amyloid plaques and tau tangle deposition in the brain. Current treatments are essentially palliative in nature and do not have an impact on the disease progression of AD. This research employs network pharmacology for discovering the therapeutic ingredients of Capparis spinosa and its possible targets and pathways in AD. In the present study, 15 bioactive compounds from C. spinosa were screened using different pharmacological databases, particularly flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Target prediction tools assisted in the identification of 141 significant target connections with AD, which are AKT1, TP53, and EGFR. The targets identified are involved in protein phosphorylation, signal transduction, and related metabolic pathway as elucidated by gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis. Another feature that was established during the network construction was that C. spinosa has multiple targets for its bioactive compounds that might work in parallel to address the AD condition. Further pharmacokinetic and toxicity assessments of the compounds revealed that these molecules exhibited desirable absorption, distribution, and toxicity patterns. The outcomes of this study propose that C. spinosa could be a potential natural source of therapeutic for AD and the active phytochemicals have the potential for acting on multiple targets for treating the disease. These predictions should be further validated via clinical trial data and through experiments using animals.