Cellular correction of radiation damage in the experiment

Background. In the research the biological effects of stem cells and extracellular vesicles are studied for use in military medicine. The aim is to show the progress and opportunity of using stem cells and their extracellular vesicles for treating the aftereffect of radiation damage. Materials and methods. The available literary sources about the effectiveness of transplantation of different variants of cells (mesenchymal, hematopoietic, neural, progenitor), and also extracellular vesicles are analyzed. The analysis includes 5 russian-language and 88 foreign publications for the period from January 2002 to April 2024. Results. Information on cellular effects in the treatment of experimental radiation sickness and local radiation damage in doses from 1 g to 110 g is presented. Data on the therapeutic effect have been obtained, mainly related to the effect on stem cell niches. It has been shown that the main mechanism is the paracrine effect, which is realized through extracellular vesicles. It leads to an increase in the survival of endogenous stem cells and a decrease in their apoptosis. It was shown that in cases of bone marrow and intestinal forms of radiation sickness the increased survival and faster recovery was observed. Conclusion. Nowadays the most researched is the transplantation of stem cells, effective against such syndromes of acute radiation sickness as hematogenous, intestinal and cerebral, because they reduce inflammation and correct the microenvironment of endogenous stem cells.