Negotiating unbelonging: lived citizenship and “rejection valley” among Kandas in Kazakhstan

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Ethnographic analysis reveals how Kandas navigate state ethnonationalism and Russification legacies, suggesting complex integration dynamics.

Integration dynamics reveal intensified exclusion, highlighting the rejection valley paradox among Kandas migrants.
Contradictory integration outcomes challenge traditional notions of adaptation, with de-Russification efforts inviting scrutiny.
Cultural perceptions of Kandas as outsiders persist despite economic leveraging of Chineseness.
The study reconceptualizes integration as a negotiation between diverse identity pressures and state agendas.

Zhe Zhang (2025) studied this question.

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Ethnographic analysis reveals how Kandas navigate state ethnonationalism and Russification legacies, suggesting complex integration dynamics.