Troubled Belonging in Offline and Online Spaces

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Qualitative analysis highlights social exclusion and trust issues among Polish Muslims, suggesting complex community dynamics.

Polish Muslims experience heightened caution and lower trust levels due to societal mistrust and negative media portrayals.
Converts to Islam face added pressures related to cultural customs, exacerbating feelings of marginalization and disconnection.
Intra-community divisions are intensified by ethnic, national, and denominational differences, risking over-fragmentation of the ummah.
Online spaces offer both exploration of Islamic identity and the potential for increased tensions within the Muslim community.

Karolina Smołucha (2025) studied this question.

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