Enhancing loess deformation resistance using waste tire rubber particles

Loess, characterized by its large pore structure and vertical joints, is prone to collapsible deformation upon moisture infiltration and significant settlement under load, threatening the stability of buildings and infrastructure. This study systematically investigates the effects of rubber particle size (10, 20, 40, and 100 mesh), content (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % by volume), moisture content, and freeze-thaw cycles on the deformation properties of loess. This systematic investigation distinguishes itself by using waste tire rubber particles as the sole amendment to elucidate both the individual and coupled effects of these factors. Results demonstrate that incorporating rubber particles significantly reduces the compression coefficient of loess, with optimal compressibility achieved at a 5 % rubber particle content and 40 mesh particle size. The collapsibility coefficient is minimized at a 20 mesh particle size with the same 5 % content. Moisture content significantly influences deformation behavior, with both high and low levels increasing the compression and collapsibility coefficients. The study also reveals that rubber particle-loess mixtures exhibit superior freeze-thaw resistance, with smaller increases in deformation coefficients after multiple freeze-thaw cycles compared to remolded loess. The particle size and content of rubber particles are identified as the most important factors influencing the compressibility and collapsibility of loess. This research provides specific guidelines for optimizing rubber particle size and content, controlling moisture levels, and evaluating freeze-thaw impacts to enhance the engineering performance of loess. The findings offer a scientific basis for sustainable waste tire management and advance the application of rubber particles in geotechnical engineering.