September 30, 2025Open Access

The Law Enforcement of Mining in Coastal Areas for Environmental Justice of the Indigenous People of Sangihe Island

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This analysis reveals mining's negative effects on livelihoods and community welfare in Sangihe Island, highlighting environmental justice issues.

Mining on Sangihe Island has economically improved income, yet has caused significant environmental harm.
The estimated resources include 3.16 million tons of gold, with mining operations authorized for 33 years in a large area.
Recent assessments indicate mining activities violate regulations, failing to ensure environmental justice for indigenous communities.
This situation highlights the need for more effective legal frameworks to balance resource extraction with community rights.

Soemarmi et al. (2025) studied this question.

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This analysis reveals mining's negative effects on livelihoods and community welfare in Sangihe Island, highlighting environmental justice issues.