Haematological and Environmental Health Profile of Rats with Acute and Chronic Drinking of Beetroot Extract

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is rich in betalains, dietary nitrates, phenolics, and micronutrients that support erythropoiesis, antioxidant defense, and vascular regulation. These properties suggest beetroot may counter oxidative stress and haematological disturbances induced by environmental exposures. Objective: To evaluate the effects of acute and chronic beetroot extract administration on haematological indices and biochemical markers of oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty adult Wistar rats (equal male–female ratio) were randomized into three groups (n = 10): control, acute beetroot extract (10 days, 10mL/kg body weight), and chronic beetroot extract (40 days). Haematological indices were measured with an automated analyzer, while malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were assayed using standard biochemical methods. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (p< 0.05). Results: Beetroot extract significantly increased packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell count, with larger effects in the chronic group (PCV↑12%, Hb↑15%, RBC ↑18% vs. control). Platelet counts were significantly reduced in chronic treatment. Biochemically, beetroot lowered MDA (−44%) and enhanced antioxidant defenses (SOD +57%, CAT +40%, GSH +50%). Positive correlations were observed between antioxidant markers and erythroid indices, while MDA correlated negatively. Conclusion: Beetroot extract improves haematological health by stimulating erythropoiesis and enhancing antioxidant defenses, while reducing platelet counts. These effects are mediated by betalain-driven oxidative protection and nitrate-derived nitric oxide signaling, underscoring beetroot’s potential as a functional food for mitigating oxidative stress linked to environmental exposures.