A histopathological spectrum of orbital and ocular lesions: a study from a tertiary care center in central India

Background: Ophthalmic pathology is unique in many ways because it involves various tissue types, including epithelium, connective tissue, and specialized tissues. It displays a wide range of pathologies, including eye injuries, degenerative changes, inflammatory lesions, and neoplastic conditions that can affect any part of the orbito-ocular system. Diagnosing these lesions depends on both clinical and histopathological features. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional observational analysis of 70 ophthalmic biopsies received in the Histopathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, at a tertiary care center in central India, conducted between 2022 and 2025. Results: Most cases occurred in the 1–10 year age group, accounting for 16 (22.83%) cases. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.30. The most common location was the eyelid, with 27 (38.59%) cases, and the right eye was most frequently affected, with 32 (45.7%) cases. Out of 70 cases, 22 (31.42%) were non-neoplastic lesions, while 48 (68.57%) were neoplastic. Among benign lesions, dermoid cysts (4, 22.22%) and lobular capillary hemangiomas (4, 22.22%) were the most common. Retinoblastoma was the most common malignant lesion, found in 13 (43.33%) cases. Conclusion: The most common lesions in our study were neoplastic, followed by non-neoplastic lesions. Clinicopathological correlation has aided in the early diagnosis and management of ophthalmic conditions.