Electrostatic supersolitons, flat-top solitons, and double layers in a warm multicomponent plasma with two-temperature electrons

In an unmagnetized multicomponent plasma, we investigate ion-acoustic double layers and supersolitons in the presence of two-temperature electrons. In this study, the plasma is composed of two warm adiabatic ion species (positive and negative ions) and two types of electrons, one following the Boltzmann distribution and the other following the Cairns distribution. Using the Sagdeev pseudopotential technique, the energy balance equation is found to satisfy the boundary conditions for ion-acoustic flat-top solitons, double layers, and supersolitons. We observe that various plasma parameters are highly sensitive to the formation of such nonlinear structures in the present plasma system. It is found that both positive and negative amplitude solitons can exist, whereas only negative amplitude double layers and supersolitons are observed for certain selected sets of plasma parameters. The plasma system is particularly relevant to space plasma environments like the D- and F-regions of the Earth's ionosphere, where negative ions and nonthermal electrons coexist. The results obtained in this study may contribute to a better understanding of nonlinear wave phenomena in space environments where multicomponent plasmas with two-temperature electrons are present.