Application of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia in children

Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, caused by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, and fungi, each with distinct clinical manifestations. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) is an invaluable tool for visualizing the airway, collecting lower respiratory tract specimens, and diagnosing and treating pediatric pneumonia. This review explores the role of FOB in managing pneumonia caused by different etiologies, including mycoplasma, adenovirus, and aspiration pneumonia. It also addresses the complications and precautions associated with FOB, emphasizing the importance of careful patient selection and the need for timely referrals to specialized centers, particularly in primary healthcare settings where access to FOB may be limited. The review concludes with a discussion on the future development of FOB, focusing on advancements in technology, such as improved imaging, multi-modal functions, and artificial intelligence integration, which will enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy for pneumonia.