The degree of phenotypic dominance of quantitative traits in reciprocal hybrids of spring soft wheat

The article presents the results of inheritance of the main economically valuable productivity traits by reciprocal F1 hybrids of spring wheat with the original forms. Three reciprocal combinations of wheat were evaluated for thirteen quantitative traits. Crossing was carried out at the Far Eastern Agricultural Research Institute in 2023, a comparative analysis of hybrids and their parental forms was carried out in 2024. Weather conditions differed significantly by year: drought in 2023, waterlogging in 2024. The greatest heterosis effect was noted in the hybrid population with the involvement of the Anfeya and Kalinka varieties in the reverse combination of crossings than in the direct one. Families AK1 (the first family of the direct hybrid Anfeya × Kalinka), KA3 (the third family of the reverse hybrid Kalinka × Anfeya), DK1 (the first family of the direct hybrid Dalira × Kalinka) were distinguished by a high degree of phenotypic dominance (Hp ˃1.0) of the greatest number of traits. Family AK1 showed incomplete dominance of the second internode length (Hp = –0.8), family KA3 showed partial dominance of total tillering (Hp = 0.9), and family DK1 showed partial dominance of the number of spikelets (Hp = 0.8) and grains (Hp = 0.1) in an ear. A high degree of phenotypic dominance was established in first-generation hybrids using spring wheat varieties Al Varis and Voevoda, regardless of reciprocal crossing. Families with absolute heterosis (Hp ˃1.0) of all quantitative productivity traits were identified: KA1 (the first family of the reverse hybrid Kalinka × Anfeya), BA1 (the first family of the direct hybrid Voevoda × Al Waris), BA2 (the second family of the direct hybrid Voevoda × Al Waris), BA5 (the fifth family of the direct hybrid Voevoda × Al Waris), AB1 (the first family of the reverse hybrid Al Waris × Voevoda), AB2 (the second family of the reverse hybrid Al Waris × Voevoda).