Causes, prevalence and treatment of myopia: a review

The aim of this work is to investigate the causes, prevention strategies, and prevalence of myopia, a common refractive error increasingly recognized as a global public health concern. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using major academic databases, including PubMed, Google scholar, and Web of Science, with selected keywords to identify relevant studies on myopia’s etiology, prevention, and treatment. Evidence indicates that myopia arises from an interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental influences. Individuals with a family history of myopia are at higher risk; however, lifestyle factors, particularly prolonged near work and limited outdoor activity, significantly contribute to onset and progression. The prevalence of myopia varies widely across regions, with rapid increases noted in many parts of the world, especially in urbanized settings. Preventive strategies, such as encouraging outdoor time for children and limiting excessive near work or screen use, have shown promise in reducing risk. For individuals with established myopia, several management options exist, including orthokeratology (ortho-k) lenses, multifocal contact lenses, and other optical interventions, which aim to slow disease progression. Addressing myopia requires both public health initiatives to promote preventive lifestyle changes and early clinical interventions to manage its impact. By understanding its multifactorial causes and employing evidence-based prevention and control strategies, it is possible to mitigate the growing burden of myopia and preserve long-term visual health.