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October 1, 2025NutrientsOpen Access

Effects of Infant Formula Type on Early Childhood Growth Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study

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Authors

URUzma RaniRARoba AlwasilaWSWilliam T. Story

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Overview

Retrospective cohort study finds non-standard infant formulas improve growth metrics over breastfeeding.

Key Points

  • Infants on non-standard formulas showed higher weight-for-age and BMI z-scores compared to standard formula users at 12 months.
  • Among 5515 infants, significant growth differences were noted between non-standard formula, standard formula, and breastfeeding groups.
  • Data on feeding practices were collected during 2-month well visits, revealing a subset of exclusive breastfeeding at just 35%.
  • The findings suggest the need for further research into the long-term health effects and obesity risk associated with non-standard formulas.

Cite This Study

Rani et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/68dd89e6fe798ba2fc49801ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193111
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1The Effects of Breast Milk Versus Formula Feeding on Infant Growth: A Quantile Regression Approach2025
  2. 2Comparative analysis of the effects of early breastfeeding versus formula feeding on the growthand development of preterm infants2025
  3. 3Longitudinal evaluation from birth to adolescence of soy-protein based infant formula compared to cow’s-milk based formula and breastfeeding: A comprehensive summary of findings2026
  4. 4Associations Between Prolonged Breast-Feeding, Formula Supplementation, and Weight-for-Age Trajectories Through Five Years2025
  5. 5Early postnatal growth predictors of catch-up growth in term small-for-gestational-age infants: a nationwide propensity-score–matched study2026