Proposed treatment with CO2 gas reduces scale formation in thermomineral water systems, suggesting effective management strategies.
Systems exposed to thermomineral water are prone to the formation of solid calcium carbonate, which induces significant challenges, including reduced efficiency, increased energy consumption, and high removal costs. The thermomineral spring water of Katlanovo spa shows high carbonate hardness and calcium content, leading to scale formation. As a solution to this problem, our study proposes water treatment with CO2 gas. Calcium carbonate precipitation is prevented by increasing the partial pressure of CO2 in the system, due to the decreased pH of water and increased calcium solubility.
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Kujundziski et al. (2025) studied this question.
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