SEM analysis of the effect of ion release on surface morphology of high-viscosity glass ionomer cement modified with L-arginine and an antibiotic component

Background: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) were the first dental restorative materials known for their bioactivity. To enhance their therapeutic potential, antibiotics can be incorporated. L-arginine, a semi-essential amino acid, is recognized for its role as a prebiotic biofilm modifier. Setting and Design: This was an in vitro , laboratory-based experimental study. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of ion release on the surface morphology of high-viscosity GIC (HVGIC) modified with L-arginine and an antibiotic component. Materials and Methods: Sixty samples were divided into three groups ( n = 20): Group 1: HVGIC (control), Group 2: HVGIC + 1.5% w/w (metronidazole + ciprofloxacin), and Group 3: HVGIC + 4% w/w L-arginine. Samples were immersed in artificial saliva. Ion release was measured at 24 h, 7 days, and 21 days using fluoride- and calcium-selective electrodes connected to an ion analyzer. Surface morphology was assessed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) at baseline (day 1) and on day 21. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using independent t -test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Significant differences in ion release were observed within 24 h, 7 days, and 21 days. A positive correlation was noted between ion release and surface morphology changes across all groups. Conclusion: The addition of antibiotics and L-arginine to HVGIC altered ion release and surface morphology. This suggests a correlation between ion release and microstructural changes in the material.