Optimization of Time, Cost, Energy, and Risk in Bridge Construction Projects Using Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Under Integrated Project Delivery Framework

Bridge construction projects are inherently complex and resource-intensive, demanding the careful balancing of multiple performance criteria such as time, cost, energy consumption, and construction risk. Traditional optimization approaches in construction management often focus solely on time-cost trade-offs, overlooking sustainability and safety objectives that are increasingly critical in contemporary infrastructure development. This study addresses this gap by formulating a discrete-time multi-objective optimization framework tailored specifically for bridge construction under the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) model.