Analysis reveals significant gaps in outputs of binary quadratic forms, suggesting improvements to established inequalities.
In this paper we study the problem of long gaps between values of binary quadratic forms. Let D₁, D₂,… ,Dᵣ be negative integers and (sₙ)ₙ₌₁∞ be the sequence of all the numbers representable by any binary quadratic form of discriminant D₁, D₂, … or Dᵣ, and let d := lcm₁,… ,Dᵣ\. We show that then {align*} n→∞{sₙ₊₁-sₙ}{log sₙ}≥ 1/log d + loglog d + logloglog d + 4. {align*} This improves and generalises a result by Dietmann, Elsholtz, Kalmynin, Konyagin, and Maynard. As a by-product of our preliminary results, we show an improvement to the Pólya-Vinogradov inequality.
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Błażej Żmija (2025) studied this question.
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