Observational analysis reveals increased Th1 cytokines in fatigued cancer patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors, suggesting cytokine role in fatigue.
Early on-treatment log₂ fold change differences between patients with ICI-related fatigue and no ICI-related fatigue. A, Heatmap of early on-treatment fold change displays a global increase in cytokines in ICI-related fatigued patients compared with non-fatigued patients. Log₂ transformation was applied to facilitate visualization. Early on-treatment fold changes in Th1-associated cytokines were significantly increased in patients with ICI-related fatigue compared with no ICI-related fatigue, evidenced by (B) IFN-γ, (C) IL-2, and (D) IL-12. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used, *, P <0.05; **, P <0.01.
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Li et al. (2025) studied this question.
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