The objective of this study is to find out the socioeconomic determinants of childhood malnutrition in Tehsil Adenzai, District Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study sought to determine the determinants of malnutrition among children <5 years of age on three levels: a) care practices provided by mothers, b) socio-economics conditions and c) access to health services and nutrition education. We used a mixed-methods study design, which included quantitative survey data and qualitative in-depth interviews with 30 mothers and caregivers. The findings showed that low household income, food insecurity and the consequent reduced access to nutritious foods as primary economic determinants of malnutrition. Moreover, poor maternal education and caregiving practices were significantly associated with under nutrition among children. Furthermore, the availability of healthcare services and nutritional education was found to be low among communities, particularly in rural areas that worsened the issue of malnutrition. Moreover, environmental conditions that contributed significantly to malnutrition too — most notably poor sanitation and lack of access to clean water (which carry higher risks of gastrointestinal infections and stunting). The findings of the study highlight the importance of a holistic strategy to tackle child malnutrition by increasing participation in maternal schooling, improving the availability of nutrient-rich foods, and strengthening healthcare and sanitation services. Policy recommendations underscore the need of community oriented targeted interventions for these social and environmental problems.
Waqas Ahmad (Sat,) studied this question.