Microbial phenazines: biosynthesis, structural diversity, evolution, regulation, and biological significance

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Phenazines play crucial roles in electron-transfer reactions, improving microbial survival in harsh environments.
Diverse structural variations of phenazines arise from evolutionary pathways influenced by horizontal gene transfer.
Environmental factors such as nutrients and signaling interact to regulate phenazine production among microbial communities.
Understanding phenazines can inform their applications in agriculture and human health, impacting interactions within ecosystems.

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This review examines phenazines' biosynthesis and structural diversity, highlighting their evolutionary significance and regulatory mechanisms.

Mavrodi et al. (2025) studied this question.

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This review examines phenazines' biosynthesis and structural diversity, highlighting their evolutionary significance and regulatory mechanisms.