The evolving trajectory of Indian federalism reflects a dynamic interplay between historical legacies, constitutional design, and contemporary socio-political transformations. Rooted in colonial administrative arrangements and shaped by post-independence state reorganization, India’s federal structure has consistently mediated tensions between unity and diversity. This paper critically examines the geographical foundations of federalism, tracing its development from classical theories of territorial governance to its unique manifestation in India. The study highlights how linguistic reorganization, coalition politics, and the rise of regional parties redefined federal power-sharing. Drawing from comparative federal theories and spatial perspectives, the analysis situates Indian federalism within broader debates on identity, governance, and spatial equity. The findings suggest that federalism in India is not static but a process of constant negotiation shaped by geography, politics, and societal demands. The study engages with contemporary challenges including regional inequalities, resource federalism, and the geopolitical implications of federal dynamics. By integrating theoretical insights with empirical patterns, the paper concludes that India’s federalism is best understood as a living system, resilient yet contested, adaptive yet under strain. Recommendations emphasize the need for cooperative models, equitable resource distribution, and institutional reforms that strengthen federal democracy in a multi-ethnic, multi-regional context.
Dara et al. (Mon,) studied this question.