Assessing the Relationship Between Particulate Matter Pollution and Pulmonary Diseases in Baghdad Using Remote Sensing Data

Baghdad is among the most polluted cities globally and faces severe air quality challenges due to its dense population, industrial activities, and energy production facilities. This study investigates the spatial relationship between particulate matter pollution (PM 2.5, and PM10) and respiratory health outcomes in Baghdad City, Iraq, using geospatial analysis. Health data on lung cancer, tuberculosis, and other pulmonary diseases were obtained from local hospitals, while daily pollutant concentration data of PM 2.5 and PM10 were collected from 20 locations during 2020 and 2024 using the Ventusky platform that uses the MODIS Aqua and Terra satellite information. The ordinary Kriging interpolation method was employed to generate spatial distribution maps of pollutant concentrations. The results of the study showed that particulate matter was highest in the central and western parts of Baghdad, especially in areas with dense traffic and urban activity. The Kriging maps revealed that many locations experienced pollution levels categorized as moderate to unhealthy for sensitive groups based on World Health Organization standards. A positive correlation was observed between monthly pollutant concentrations and respiratory disease cases, confirming the health impact of air pollution. Additionally, statistical analysis revealed that several areas with high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) also recorded elevated rates of the respiratory diseases mentioned in this study, suggesting a spatial link between pollutant exposure and adverse health outcomes.