Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory process, primarily affects large and medium-sized arteries, such as the aorta and coronary arteries. It leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques that gradually narrow blood vessels, potentially resulting in severe complications like heart attack, stroke, or coronary artery disease. Studies show that nearly half of patients with intermittent claudication, a symptom of peripheral artery disease, die within ten years of diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the impact of physical activity on preventing and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and to present the mechanisms by which regular exercise can reduce associated risk factors. The literature review included 89 publications analyzing physical activity's effects on endothelial function, lipid profile, blood pressure, and inflammation. The findings indicate that regular physical activity improves lipid profile, lowers blood pressure, and reduces inflammation, as measured by markers such as C-reactive protein. Additionally, exercise improves endothelial function, crucial in preventing atherosclerotic plaque formation. The impact of physical activity on weight reduction was also analyzed, further reducing the risk of complications. The study concludes that cardiac rehabilitation, including regular exercise, dietary modification, and smoking cessation, is key in preventing and treating atherosclerosis.
Smółka et al. (2025) studied this question.