Barriers and challenges of mothers’ participation in fluoride varnish program for children aged 3–6: A qualitative study

Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent global dental challenges, especially in Iran. The beneficial role of fluoride as an effective agent in the prevention of ECC is scientifically approved. Thus, this study was designed to explain the barriers and challenges of mothers’ participation in the Fluoride Varnish Program (FVP) for children aged 3–6 years. Design and methods: The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and Directed Content Analysis method in 2021. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 mothers of preschool children. The interview questions were asked based on the constructs of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, and then the data analysis process was carried out simultaneously and continuously with the data collection based on Graneheim and Landman method. Results: According to the categories of predisposing factors (awareness, attitude, perceived threat, and self-efficacy), the data regarding reinforcing factors (family, peers, and health workers), and enabling factors (facilities, resources, and skills) were extracted. Conclusions: The findings provide valuable insights into the barriers and challenges faced by mothers to participate in the fluoride varnish program for 3–6 year old children. It seems that by addressing these factors, it is possible to design interventions to promote the participation of mothers and ultimately improve the effectiveness of the program.