The pharmaceutical industry generates significant volumes of waste across its production, distribution, and consumption phases, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), packaging materials, and expired or unused medicines. Improper disposal of such waste can result in environmental contamination, public health risks, and economic inefficiencies. Circular economy approaches offer transformative solutions by shifting from a linear “take–make–dispose” model to a regenerative framework that prioritizes waste minimization, material recovery, and resource optimization. This review explores strategies for integrating circular principles into pharmaceutical operations, including eco-design of drug formulations, green manufacturing processes, reverse logistics for expired products, and recovery of high-value compounds from production and post-consumer waste streams. Emerging technologies such as bioremediation, advanced separation techniques, and chemical recycling are evaluated for their role in enabling sustainable resource loops. The paper also discusses regulatory, logistical, and economic barriers to circularity, alongside case studies that demonstrate successful implementation in different global contexts. By adopting a holistic circular approach, the pharmaceutical industry can enhance environmental stewardship, reduce operational costs, and strengthen supply chain resilience while contributing to global sustainability goals.
Okojie et al. (Tue,) studied this question.