Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and visual sequelae - A review

This review provides a detailed examination of visual disturbances and dysfunctions associated with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). It delves into the pathophysiology of mTBI, focusing on primary and secondary injury mechanisms and their effects on visual processing pathways. Key visual anomalies discussed include accommodative and vergence disorders, version abnormalities, visual field deficits, and photosensitivity. Additionally, the review addresses post-trauma vision syndrome and visual midline shift syndrome as distinctive outcomes of mTBI. It outlines diagnostic methods and management strategies, such as yoked prisms and neuro-optometric rehabilitation techniques and underscores the importance of detailed case histories and comprehensive visual assessments in detecting often-overlooked mTBI-related visual issues. By highlighting the complex nature of these disturbances, the review emphasizes the essential role of neuro-optometrists in improving visual function and patient outcomes.