International Law in the Indonesian Constitutional Court: A Typology of Use

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Analysis reveals international law influences constitutional review in Indonesia, indicating pragmatic dualism's role.

The Indonesian Constitutional Court refers to international law in about 10% of its constitutional review cases.
International law is primarily used to bolster domestic law and confirm statutory provisions within the Court's decisions.
The typology developed categorizes the Court's use of international law into bolstering, interpreting, rejecting, and misconstruing.
The findings suggest that the Court practices pragmatic dualism instead of the previously argued pragmatic monism.

Butt et al. (2025) studied this question.

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