Essential and Toxic Trace Metals Status in Chronic Hashish Consumers: Evidence from a Pakistani Cohort

OBJECTIVES Chronic hashish consumption may influence trace metal homeostasis and promote oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate serum concentrations of essential and toxic trace elements-iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd)-in long-term hashish users. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted in Peshawar, Pakistan, involving 104 adult males aged 25-60 years, divided into chronic hashish users (n = 53) and non-users (n = 51). Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for trace metal content using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) following nitric and perchloric acid digestion. RESULTS Mean serum concentrations of Fe (2.6 ± 0.3 µg/dL) and Cu (0.5 ± 0.1 µg/dL) were significantly elevated in hashish users compared to non-users (2.4 ± 0.2 µg/dL and 0.3 ± 0.02 µg/dL, respectively; p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were observed in Zn, Pb, or Cd levels. Pearson's correlation revealed no significant association between trace metal levels and either duration or quantity of hashish use. Conclusion: Elevated iron and copper levels in hashish users suggest a potential disturbance in the regulation of redox-active metals. While this may contribute to oxidative stress, direct biomarkers were not assessed in the current study. Further mechanistic studies are warranted to confirm this link.