Observational analysis shows enhanced success in antegrade laser lithotripsy for intrahepatic stones, highlighting the role of slim cholangioscopes in challenging ductal anatomies.
Antegrade laser lithotripsy via endoscopic ultrasonography-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) is challenging when the intrahepatic bile duct forms acute angulation [1] [2]. A novel slim cholangioscope (9-Fr eyeMAX; Micro-Tech, Nanjing, China), featuring a highly flexible deflection system, has recently become available [3] [4] [5].
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Miwa et al. (2025) studied this question.
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