Clinical Signs of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Patients with Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Literature Review

Community-acquired pneumonia in COVID-19 presents with various clinical features, ranging from initial symptoms similar to uncomplicated coronavirus infection to typical respiratory manifestations such as dyspnea and cough, as well as specific radiological findings on X-ray examination and computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Monitoring the evolution of symptoms may facilitate assessment of disease stage and prognosis of pneumonia. Comparison with other forms of community-acquired pneumonia reveals both similarities and differences, including unique symptoms such as anosmia and ageusia, and characteristic lung involvement patterns on CT. Clinical manifestations may differ in certain patient groups, particularly the elderly, where the disease may have an atypical course. Men are at higher risk of infection and more frequently present with severe symptoms, elevated levels of inflammation, severe pneumonia, admissions to intensive care units, and mortality. The impact of comorbidities on COVID-19-related mortality is more pronounced in women, with dementia and heart failure having a particularly adverse impact on the risk of death from COVID-19. Recognition of clinical features is crucial for timely diagnosis, informed treatment decisions, and improved outcomes in individuals presenting with COVID-19-related community-acquired pneumonia. Further research is warranted to enhance understanding and optimize the management of this complex condition.