Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Contamination in Surface Water, Sediment, and Benthic Organisms of Bile, Rivers State

This study investigates the impact of crude oil contamination on the physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations in surface water, sediment, and benthic organisms (Callinectesamnicola) at Bille Creek, Rivers State, Nigeria. Samples were collected bi-monthly from March 2023 to January 2024 from three stations in the creek. The study assessed the presence of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy metals (Cobalt, Zinc, Nickel, Cadmium, Iron, Chromium), and physicochemical parameters including pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and chloride concentrations. The results revealed fluctuating TPH and PAH concentrations, with elevated levels in certain months, indicating crude oil spill events. Heavy metals such as Cobalt, Zinc, Nickel, and Cadmium showed significant variations across stations, with higher concentrations at Station 3, suggesting localized pollution. TPH and PAH levels in benthic organisms showed a similar trend, indicating bioaccumulation of contaminants. Elevated heavy metal concentrations in the benthic community pose risks to aquatic life and human health. The study highlights the need for continuous monitoring and remediation efforts to mitigate the long-term impacts of crude oil contamination in the ecosystem.