The relationships among attachment, trauma, and mentalization within the framework of intimate partner violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a byproduct of complex social power dynamics and is characterized by actions that result in harm stemming from gender disparities. This study aims to explore the phenomenon of IPV by delving into its primary features and prevalence and the intricate relationships among IPV, attachment styles, trauma experiences, and mentalization processes in females impacted by IPV. Beyond examining prevalence rates, the paper also seeks to highlight the socio-cultural conditions that sustain IPV in Albania and the Western Balkans, offering a broader comparative perspective with the European Union. A comparative analysis of secondary data was conducted across these regions, followed by an in-depth assessment with a sample of 30 IPV victims living in domestic violence centers in Albania. This mixed approach allowed for a better understanding of how cultural and systemic factors intersect with individual psychological processes. The results suggest a notable prevalence of insecure attachment within this demographic, which plays a role in shaping their interpersonal connections. Within the analyzed sample, maternal and paternal neglect, rejection, and overinvolvement of the mother emerged as the most prevalent forms of traumatic experiences, supporting the data derived from the Adult Attachment Interview and experience scales. These findings illustrate the cyclical nature of trauma, where early relational wounds heighten vulnerability to revictimization and hinder mentalization capacities, thus reducing resilience in intimate relationships. The study underscores the importance of developing a sense of closeness and establishing a strong therapeutic connection with survivors to help them move toward well-being. Implications extend not only to psychotherapeutic practice but also to policy-making, emphasizing the creation of gender-sensitive frameworks and integrated services. There is also a need for more rigorous studies to generate outcomes that can foster a shared knowledge base and competencies for devising comprehensive intervention protocols for service providers and policymakers in this field.