Dependence of peak force during granular impact on projectile geometry

Abstract Force measurements were performed for conical projectiles impacting a granular bed. The diameter and density of the grains was varied, along with the mass, density, and tip shape of the projectiles. At medium speeds, the data can be described by a scaling law which varies as the square root of the densities of the projectile and the granular material and linearly with respect to impact speed and cone angle.