Biopsychosocial factors affected by muscle dysmorphia: to what extent do clinical assessment questionnaires cover them?

Background: muscle dysmorphia (MD) affects several health-related aspects. Assessing how MD questionnaires cover biopsychosocial domains helps clinicians to better describe health status and set treatment goals. Aim: to identify clinical questionnaires for MD and link their content with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Methods: a literature review identified MD questionnaires. The instruments’ items were linked to the ICF. Results: four questionnaires were identified: ACQ, MASS, MDDI and MDI. Forty-four significant concepts were identified from the seventy-two questionnaire items and linked to twenty-six ICF categories, with predominance of body functions (42,4%, n = 11 categories), activities and participation (34,6%, n = 9), environmental factors (19,2%, n = 5), and body structures (3,8%, n = 1). Conclusion: All instruments focused on body functions, and they poorly covered body structures and environmental factors. MASS and ACQ presented the most diverse coverage of categories, enabling broader assessment of health aspects.