Chromosome-level Genome Assembly and Annotation of Petunia hybrida

Petunia hybrida is the world's most popular garden plant and is regarded as a supermodel for studying the biology associated with the Asterid clade, the largest of the two major groups of flowering plants. Unlike other Solanaceae, petunia has a base chromosome number of seven, not 12. This along with recombination suppression has previously hindered efforts to assemble its genome to chromosome level. Here we achieve a chromosome-level assembly for P. hybrida using a combination of short-read and long-read sequencing, optical mapping (Bionano) and Hi-C technologies. The resulting assembly spans 1253.6 Mb with a BUSCO score of 99.8%. A total of 34,160 genes were identified based on homologous proteins and transcriptome evidence. Syntenic regions between petunia, tomato and pepper were identified, highlighting rearrangements that have occurred since their divergence indicating that the 12 chromosomes of Solanaceae did not originate from whole genome duplication of an ancestral species with seven chromosomes like petunia. This chromosome-level assembly will significantly enhance trait mapping efficiency in petunia and serve as a valuable resource for functional genomic studies in this key plant model.