Wave propagation and transformation over double submerged breakwater based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

Double submerged breakwaters play a vital role in coastal protection by dissipating wave energy and mitigating shoreline erosion. Traditional grid-based numerical methods often struggle in capturing the complex, nonlinear wave process around such structures. In this study, a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approach is used to simulate nonlinear wave propagation and transformation over double submerged breakwaters. Model validations against extensive experimental data demonstrated excellent agreement in the wave elevations and velocity fields. Results showed that the double submerged breakwater configuration significantly reduces wave crests, enhances wave dispersion, and increases energy dissipation. Analysis of fluid fields revealed strong turbulence and localized vortices behind the structures, providing insight into the energy dissipation mechanisms. The results confirm the effectiveness of the SPH method for simulating wave–structure interactions and offer valuable guidance for the design and application of submerged breakwaters.