Radiological Appearance of Brown Tumors of the Maxilla Indicative of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Report

Brown tumors are a rare complication of hyperparathyroidism resulting from abnormalities in bone metabolism. Advances in biological exploration techniques enable early diagnosis before the onset of bone manifestations. While mandibular involvement is the most common in the maxillofacial region, maxillary involvement is extremely rare. We report a case of a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism revealed by a maxillary tumor. The pathological result concluded a benign giant cell tumor of the maxilla and fibrous dysplasia. The diagnosis of a brown tumor was considered based on the association of radiological data (osteolytic image and parathyroid adenoma), histological findings (giant cell tumor), and biological markers (hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and elevated Parathyroid Hormone (PTH). This case highlights the difficulty in establishing a correct diagnosis in patients with an osteolytic maxillary process and the need to investigate hyperparathyroidism in the presence of a giant cell lesion.