View Factors Approach for Bifacial Photovoltaic Array Modeling: Bifacial Gain Sensitivity Analysis

Abstract Bifacial modules, highly valued in the global photovoltaic market since they are able to receive sunlight from both sides, generating up to 10-30% additional energy. They are integrated into various sectors, including building and notably Agrivoltaics. In this work, a coupled optical-thermal-electrical model was developed in MATLAB to simulate the energy performance and bifacial gain for a ground raised bifacial system. The model allows optimization as a function of PV system and bifacial module characteristics. A fixed, south-facing bifacial PV arrays composed of three rows assumed to be installed in Agadir, Morocco. The optical model is based on an analytical determination of view factors using the cross-string rule. These enable evaluation of irradiances received by both sides of modules, which are subsequently used to evaluate the energy yield of the system. Model validation was carried out based on various statistical error tests by comparing the results with simulation results generated by various softwares. The comparison shows a height accuracy, notably with 3DbifacialVF (R2 1, RMSE 0.03W/m2 and R2 0.96, RMSE 12.4 W/m2) for front and rear side irradiance respectively. The DC energy generated by the system differs by less than 1% compared to PVsyst results. Sensitivity analysis revealed that all system parameters, particularly ground albedo, positively affect the bifacial gain. The bifacial gain increased from 10.6% to 20.1% as the ground albedo increased from 0.25 to 0.5.