Interfacial Thermal Fluctuations Stabilize Bulk Nanobubbles

Consensus on bulk nanobubble stability remains elusive, despite accepted indirect evidence for longevity. We develop a nanobubble evolution model by incorporating thermal capillary wave theory that reveals that dense nanobubbles generated by acoustic cavitation tend to shrink and intensify interfacial thermal fluctuations; this significantly reduces surface tension to neutralize enhanced Laplace pressure, and secures their stabilization at a finite size. A stability criterion emerges: thermal fluctuation intensity scales superlinearly with curvature: sqrt[⟨h²⟩]∝(1/R)ⁿ, n>1. The model prolongs the time frame for nanobubble contraction to 2 orders of magnitude beyond classical theory estimates, and captures the equilibrium radius (90-215 nm) within the experimental range.