LIpid Response to Statins ± Ezetimibe In Mumbai (LIRIM): A Cross-sectional Observational Study

India has the highest burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among developing nations. Data from international studies show significant underimplementation of recommended aggressive lipid-lowering strategies for achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals, especially after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), a pattern also observed in India. Moreover, ethnic variation in response to statin therapy has prompted clinicians to adopt lower doses of statin therapy in Asians to achieve comparable LDL-C lowering. To document the dose of statin ± ezetimibe required to achieve the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) goals of LDL-C <55 mg/dL in Indian patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This retrospective single-center, cross-sectional, observational, all-comers study in Mumbai evaluated the dose of atorvastatin (A)/rosuvastatin (R) ± ezetimibe (E) treatment at which patients with established ASCVD (n = 542), irrespective of their baseline level, achieved LDL-C goals (<55 mg/dL). Those with LDL-C levels >55 mg/dL on current therapy were switched to R 40 mg ± E 10 mg daily. The final data set (n = 340) included those who achieved LDL-C goals at the initial visit and those at follow-up. The primary and secondary outcomes assessed the impact of R 40 mg ± E 10 mg (R40 ± E10) on LDL-C (<55 mg/dL) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [non-HDL-C (<85 mg/dL)] goal achievement, respectively. At the end of follow-up, LDL-C <55 mg/dL was observed in 42.16% of patients (n = 113) with R40 and in another 43.28% (n = 116) with R40 + E10. A few patients (n = 39; 14.6%) achieved this goal with other dosages. Similarly, non-HDL-C <85 mg/dL was observed in 39.3% of patients (n = 107) with R40 and in another 47.4% of patients (n = 129) with R40 + E10. Overall, around 20% of patients were unable to achieve their LDL-C and non-HDL-C goals despite being on high-intensity statin ± E therapy. In the first report of its kind in India, this study showed that suboptimal LDL-C goal achievement occurred in around 20% of high-risk ASCVD patients on dual therapy. This indicates that clinicians should consider the addition of other therapies [e.g., bempedoic acid, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, and inclisiran] to mitigate the residual risk. Several more trials are needed to determine the most suitable treatment regimen for this population.