Additive impact of diabetes and Helicobacter pylori infection on all-cause mortality, diabetic mortality, and cardiovascular mortality: a longitudinal nationwide population-based study

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and Helicobacter pylori infection (HPI) pose increasing public health challenges in aging societies, sharing common pathophysiological mechanisms, and linked to significant health risks. Our study examines their respective impacts on all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities in a comprehensive longitudinal population-based analysis.