Electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors for disease biomarkers

The increasing prevalence of diseases such as neurodegenerative conditions, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer represents a significant public health challenge. Timely diagnosis plays a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and alleviating the overall societal burden posed by these disorders. Recently, there has been increasing interest in using electrochemical aptasensors in diagnosing and prognosis neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders and cancer. This comprehensive review categorizes and examines the latest advances in electrochemical aptasensors for evaluating these diseases. The aptasensors under investigation target specific analytes appropriate for each disease group. For cardiovascular diseases, analytes such as Cardiac troponins (cTns), myoglobin (Mb), C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) have been in focus. AβO, Tau, Prion protein and Alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) were examined in neurodegenerative diseases. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) biomarkers are of particular interest in the context of cancer. The review includes a comprehensive analysis of the development of these aptasensors over the last 5 years under three main headings, taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of these diagnostic tools and issues such as linear ranges, detection limits and preferred nanomaterials. In addition, this review focuses on an overview of the current problems and achievable solutions of aptasensors in detecting common diseases, and future trends are also predicted.