Bounds on the minimum sound speed above neutron star densities

We show that the existence of massive neutron stars and asymptotic freedom of QCD place robust upper bounds on the lowest sound speed of the ultra-dense matter unattainable in neutron stars. Our approach does not rely on explicitly representing the equation of state in the density range ~ 2-40 n₀, and does not require probabilistic interpretations. The upper limit decreases rapidly when the maximum mass of neutron stars is greater than about 2.5M_. Discovery of ~ 3 M_ neutron stars would strongly support first-order phase transitions at high baryon densities